ABSTRACT
The virus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) belongs to the genus Beta coronavirus and the family Coronaviridae. The SARS-CoV-2 virus is a positive sense, non-segmented single-strand RNA virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which was first reported in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. COVID-19 is now a worldwide pandemic. Globally, several newer variants have been identified; however, only a few of them are of concern (VOCs). VOCs differ in terms of infectivity, transmissibility, disease severity, drug efficacy, and neutralization efficacy by monoclonal antibodies, convalescent sera, or vaccines. VOCs reported from various parts of the world include B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), B.1.617/B.1.617.2 (Delta), P.1 (Gamma), and B.1.1.529 (Omicron). These VOCs are the result of mutations, with some based on spike proteins. Mutations may also cause molecular diagnostic tests to fail to detect the few VOCs, leading to a delayed diagnosis, increased community spread, and delayed treatment. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Covariant, Stanford variants database, and CINAHL from December 2019 to February 2022 using the following search terms: Variant of Concern, SARS-CoV-2, Omicron, etc. All types of research were chosen. All research methods were considered. This review discusses the various VOCs, as well as their mutations, infectivity, transmissibility, and neutralization efficacy.
ABSTRACT
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmissible and pathogenic coronavirus responsible for the pandemic coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). It has significant impact on human health and public safety along with negative social and economic consequences. Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is likely the most effective approach to sustainably control the global COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccination is highly effective in reducing the risk of severe COVID-19 disease. Mass-scale vaccination will help us in attaining herd immunity and will lessen the negative impact of the disease on public health, social and economic conditions. The present pandemic stimulated the development of several effective vaccines based on different platforms. Although the vaccine is safe and efficacious, rare cases of thrombosis and thrombocytopenia following the use of vaccination with the ChAdOx1 CoV-19 vaccine (AstraZeneca, University of Oxford, and Serum Institute of India) or the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine (Janssen/Johnson & Johnson) have been reported globally. This review focussed on the definition, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of vaccine associated thrombosis.
ABSTRACT
The SARS-CoV-2 is a new coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 disease and has caused the pandemic worldwide. A large number of cases have overwhelmed the healthcare system worldwide. The COVID-19 infection has been associated with a heightened risk of thromboembolic complications. Various mechanisms are leading to the high thrombotic risk in COVID-19 patients such as inflammation, endotheliitis, hyperviscosity, and hypercoagulability. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and CINAHL from January 2020 to December 2020. We used the following search terms: COVID-19, coagulopathy, and thrombosis. We reviewed the epidemiology, clinical features, mechanisms, and treatment of COVID-19-associated coagulopathy.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Thromboembolism , Thrombophilia , Humans , Pandemics , SARS-CoV-2 , Thrombophilia/complications , Thrombophilia/epidemiologyABSTRACT
The enduring epidemic outbreak which started in Wuhan city of China, in December 2019 caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID- 19) or the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has created a dangerous and deadly Public Health disaster of International apprehension, with cases confirmed in several countries. This novel community health trouble is frightening the universe with clinical, psychological, emotional, collapse of health system and economical slowdown in each and every part of the world infecting nearly 200 countries. A highly virulent and pathogenic COVID-19 viral infection with incubation period ranging from two to fourteen days, transmitted by breathing of infected droplets or contact with infected droplets, belongs to the genus Coronavirus with its high mutation rate in the Coronaviridae. The likely probable primary reservoir could be bats, because genomic analysis discovered that SARSCoV-2 is phylogenetically interrelated to SARS-like bat viruses. The transitional resource of origin and transfer to humans is not known, however, the rapidly developing pandemic has confirmed human to human transfer. Approximately 1,016,128 reported cases, 211,615 recovered cases and 53,069 deaths of COVID-2019 have been reported to date (April 2, 2020). The symptoms vary from asymptomatic, low grade pyrexia, dry cough, sore throat, breathlessness, tiredness, body aches, fatigue, myalgia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, to severe consolidation and pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multiple organ dysfunction leading to death with case fatality rate ranging from 2 to 3%.